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neutrik > FAQ > Electrical

Electrical

What is a balanced line?

Definition of balanced line: a transmission line constisting of two conductors which need to have the same impedance, also with respect to ground. In order to establish a balanced line, every component connector to the line (incl. line driver, line or cable inself and the line receiver) must be balanced. E.g.: In a perfect world, a balanced cable consits of two identical wires which are usually twisted, surrounded with a cable shield. Balanced connections in an audio system are designed to reject both external noise, from power wiring etc, and also internal crosstalk from adjacent signal cables. The basic principle of balanced interconnection is to get the signal you want by subtraction, using a three-wire connection. Any noise voltages that appear identically on both lines (ie common-mode signals) are in theory completely cancelled by the subtraction. While two wires carry the signal, the third is the ground wire which has the dual duty of both joining the grounds of the interconnected equipment, and electrostatically screening the two signal wires by being in some way wrapped around them.



Usage of balanced lines

Mainly used for mic connections. The symmetrical construction (- phase & + phase) discriminates against noise and crosstalk, especially required in case of low voltage mic level connections. Without balanced mic lines, live gigs with lighting applications, wouldn't be possible. Even though you deal in recording or broadcast studios with shorter lines and less disturbance, balanced lines are a necessivity to achieve the high quality standards. For long runs of lines signals it is also recommended to use balanced lines instead of unbalanced instrument cables.

What is Phantom Power?

Phantom power is a dc voltage (12 - 48 volts) which powers the preamplifier of a condenser microphone. Phantom power is normally supplied by the microphone mixer, but may also be supplied by a separate phantom power supply. Phantom requires a balanced circuit in which both signal conductors (XLR pins 2 and 3) carry the same dc voltage relative to ground (pin 1). So if a mixer supplies 48 volts of phantom, pins 2 and 3 of the XLR connector each carry 48 volts dc relative to pin 1. Of course, the mic cable carries the audio signal as well as the phantom voltage, but the input to which the mic is connected has to be balanced and floating.Use of mics which don't need a power supply (eg. dynamic types) is possible too, provided that the connection is balanced.The usage of Phantom Power is especially critical if it’s routed through a Patch Panel. Improper grounding etc. can cause noises, clicks, hums, etc.Connectivity operations cause interruptions of supply and require some setting time (10 sec.) until stabilisation.

Can I run phantom powered microphone signals through patch panels? Which one should I use?

First of all it is not recommended to run phantom power through a patch panel. We do not suggest using phantom power with any patch panel, if do run phantom powered signals through a patch panel we suggest using our Longframe NPP-TB Series. This type of patch panel has normalling contacts for TIP, RING and SLEEVE contacts and with a few adjustments provide the best possible conditions for the usage of phantom powered microphone signals.

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